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![]() ![]() Ute Indians in ColoradoĪs the primary tribe on the west side of Rocky Mountain National Park from the 1200s to the late 1700s, the Utes hunted within what later became park boundaries and camped along Grand Lake in the summer. Toll published his writings in 1962 as “Arapaho Names and Trails,” 48 years after the expedition. A name might be applied to several places,” he wrote, noting the lack of details for a battle, its date or the number of Indians involved. Toll was also disappointed by the lack of detail in the descriptions: “The information itself was often rather vague. ![]() This made it tough for the interpreter to recall exactly what was said, and then for Toll to record. Another difficulty arose with the protocol preventing the interpreter from interrupting an elder’s monologue. Thus he used specialized symbols in his notes as a way to create a written language. The Arapaho language is difficult to document because the way a single word is pronounced may have many different meanings. Toll kept a detailed journal of the expedition, although he had his work cut out for him. He recounted how this was a site where an Apache war party of close to 50 individuals was met by the Arapaho tribe. While in Rocky Mountain National Park’s Beaver Meadows area, Sage found a pile of stones resembling an Indian monument. Throughout the course of their journey the Arapaho elders told of battles with the Shoshones and the Apache. The two members of the Arapaho tribe, Gun Griswold and Sherman Sage, accepted the offer, and together with three members of the Colorado Mountain Club-interpreter Tom Crispin, host Oliver Toll and wrangler Shep Husted-crossed the Continental Divide four times. The organization approached two Arapaho elders living on the Wind River Reservation, asking them to adventure out on a two-week long pack trip through the mountains in order to record what they could remember about the area, primarily names and events. In 1914, the Colorado Mountain Club set out to better understand the role of Native Americans, especially the Arapaho tribe, on the area’s development. Arapaho Indians lived mainly in the plains of the Midwest, but they spent time exploring the Rocky Mountain National Park area on hunting and foraging trips. ![]()
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